Makalah Eight Parts of Speech

ENGLISH

EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH

Written By :

NAME            : IKRIMAH

NPM               : 10.21.0005

MAJOR         : ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY     : TEACHER'S TRAINING AND EDUCATION

Lecturer : Nurhasanah, M.Pd

KALIMANTAN ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

 BANJARMASIN

2012

          The parts of speech consist of eight parts, they are noun, verb, pronoun, interjection, adjective, adverb, preposition and conjunction. And in this paper, I would like to explain one by one related to eight parts of speech. Check it out !

A.       NOUN

Noun is a word used as the name of anything, like a person, an animal, an object, a place, a situation, a quality or an idea.

Kinds of noun :

·         Proper noun

Proper nouns are the names of individual people, places, titles, calendar times, etc. Proper nouns are always written with a capital letter.

example           : - Zainab listen to the radio

-  Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia

·         Common noun

Nouns which are not written with a capital letter do not refer to the name of an individual person or thing and are called common nouns.

example           : - Take your book please !

-  I see animal in the zoo

·         Material noun

A material noun is a word for a material, a substance, or an ingredient that other things are made from. 

example           : - This ring made of gold

-  The table is made of wood

·         Collective noun

A collective noun refers to a group of people, animals or objects as a group, family, company, etc.

example           : - The army made the ceremony

-  Those are navy

B.       VERB

Verb is the part of speech that expresses existence, action, or occurrence in most languages. Verbs are a necessary component of all sentences. Verbs have two important functions: Some verbs put static objects into motion while other verbs help to clarify the objects in meaningful ways. Look at the examples below :

Ø  My grumpy old English teacher smiled at the plate of cold meatloaf

My grumpy old English teacher = static object; smiled = verb

Ø  The daredevil cockroach splashed into Sara's soup

The daredevil cockroach = static object; splashed = verb

Ø  Theo's overworked computer exploded in a spray of sparks

Theo's overworked computer = static object; exploded = verb

Ø  The curious toddler popped a grasshopper into her mouth

The curious toddler = static object; popped = verb

            The important thing to remember is that every subject in a sentence must have a verb. Otherwise, you will have written a fragment, a major writing error.

C.       PRONOUN

Pronoun is the part of speech that substitutes for nouns or noun phrases and designates persons or things asked for, previously specified, or understood from the context.

Kinds of pronoun :

·         Personal pronoun

A pronoun designating the person speaking (I, me, we, us), the person spoken to (you), or the person or thing spoken about (he, she, it, they, him, her, them).

example           : I have a stamp album

·         Possessive pronoun

One of several pronouns designating possession and capable of substituting for noun phrases.

example           : The blue pen is mine

·         Demonstrative pronoun

A pronoun that points out an intended referent

example           : That is a good idea

·         Relative pronoun

A pronoun that introduces a relative clause and has reference to an antecedent

example           : I like the person who is diligent

·         Interrogative pronoun

Used for the item interrupted in an information statement

example           : Whose is the pen ?

·         Indefinite pronoun

An indefinite pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun (or noun phrase) that is an unknown or unnamed person, thing, or amount

example           : Someone sent me a letter

D.       INTERJECTION

Interjection is a part of speech that can stand alone to express emotion or a reaction. Although an interjection can form a complete sentence (that is, expressing a thought without need of a subject and verb), one can often also be inserted within a sentence, usually parenthetically or separated by commas from the rest of the sentence. In written Spanish and English, an interjection frequently is used with exclamation marks. An interjection is sometimes expressed as a single word or non-sentence phrase, followed by a punctuation mark. The isolated usage of an interjection does not represent a complete sentence in conventional English writing. Thus, in formal writing, the interjection will be incorporated into a larger sentence clause. It also can be a reply to a question or statement.

Example          : - Ah! I've won!

-   Dear me! That's a surprise!

-   Hello! My car's gone!

-   Hey! look at that!

-   Hey! What a good idea!

-   Oh! You're here!

-   Oh, please say 'yes'!

-   Ouch! That hurts!

-   Hurray! I win the game!

-   Oh! I've got a toothache

-   Hey! What a beautiful view!

E.       ADJECTIVE

Adjective is the part of speech that modifies a noun or other substantive by limiting, qualifying, or specifying and distinguished in English morphologically by one of several suffixes, such as -able, -ous, -er, and -est, or syntactically by position directly preceding a noun or nominal phrase. Adjectives are descriptive words. An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun, that is, shows or points out some distinguishing mark or feature of the noun.

List of Descriptive Adjectives

Descriptive adjectives can be divided into different categories such as colors, sizes, sound, taste, touch, shapes, qualities, time, personality and ages. The following lists provide a few examples of descriptive adjectives in each of their categories :

§  Colors
examples : black, blue, white, green, red

§  Sizes
examples : big, small, large, thin, thick

§  Shapes
examples : triangular, round, square, circular

§  Qualities
examples : good, bad, mediocre

§  Personality Traits 
examples : happy, sad, angry, depressed

§  Time related
examples : Yearly , monthly, annually

§  Age related
examples : new, young, old, brand-new, second-hand

§  Sound related
examples : loud, noisy, quiet, silent

§  Touch related
examples : slippery, sticky

§  Taste related
examples : juicy, sweet

F.        ADVERB

The part of speech that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb,  clause, sentence or any other word or phrase, except that it does not include the adjectivesand determiners that directly modify nouns. Adverbs are traditionally regarded as one of theparts of speech, although the wide variety of the functions performed by words classed as adverbs means that it is hard to treat them as a single uniform category.

Kinds of adverb :

·         Adverb of time

Adverb of time are words that describe a day
example           : I’m studying English now

·         Adverb of place

Adverbs of place tell us where something happen

example           : She studies English here

·         Adverb of manner

Adverbs of manner are the largest group of adverbs. Most adverbs of manner are closely related to corresponding adjectives. Although some words can be used as either adjectives or adverbs, in most cases, adverbs of manner are formed by adding ly to the corresponding adjectives.

example           : They worked hard

·         Adverb of degree

Adverbs of degree tell us about the intensity or degree of an action, an adjective or another adverb.

example           : I quite understand

·         Adverb of frequency

Adverbs of frequency tell hosw often something occurs or is done. 
example           : He eats twice every day

·         Adverb of affirmation

Adverbs of affirmation are those adverbs that are used to indicate that a statement is true or that in some other way to affirm it.

example           : Of course she can speak English

·         Adverb of interrogative

An interrogative adverb is used to ask for new information or facts.

example           : How did he go ?

·         Adverb of relative pronoun

An adverb (where, when, or why) that introduces a relative clause, also known as a relative adverb clause.

example           : I asked him how he went

G.      PREPOSITION

A word employed to connect a noun or a pronoun, in anadjectival or adverbial sense, with some other word; a particle used with anoun or pronoun (English always in the objective case) to make aphrase limiting some other word; so called because usually placed beforethe word with which it is phrased; as, a bridge of iron; he comes fromtown; it is good for food; he escaped by running. 

A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in asentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition.

A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence as in the following 

Examples of preposition in   : -  The children are playing in  the garden

-       We swan in the river yesterday

Examples of preposition on : -  I put the book on the table last night

-   He puts the small cat on the floor

Examples of preposition at   : - He waits for them at the bus station

-   I meet the pretty girl at the bus stop

H.       CONJUNCTION

In grammar, a conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words, sentences, phrases or clauses together. A discourse connective is a conjunction joining sentences. This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what constitutes a "conjunction" must be defined for each language. In general, a conjunction is an invariable grammatical particle, and it may or may not stand between the items it conjoins.

Examples of conjunction and           :  - Rini and Budi are students

-   Rita buys apple and orange

Examples of conjunction or              :  - You may take this cat or that cat

-   Which one do you like, this apple or  that apple ?

Examples of conjunction but            :  - Karyo is lazy but Kardi is diligent

-   She is beautiful but stupid

Examples of conjunction while         :  - Heni wants to be a doctor while

her brother wants to be a teacher

-   His father is reading a magazine while  his mother is cooking

Examples of conjunction whereas    :  - Titin is quiet whereas her older

sister is talkative

-   We want to go swimming whereas they want to go fishing

Examples of conjunction because    :  - She doesn’t go to school because

she is sick now

-   We can’t go home because  it is

raining very hard now

Examples of conjunction since         :  - They cancel the meeting since the

headmaster is sick

-   He didn’t come here to help us since he was very busy

Examples of conjunction if               :  - She will be angry if you don’t

come there now

-   We will not go to the meeting if  rain tonight

Examples of conjunction when        :  - I know you when you came here

                                                             -   I met him when you called me